I'm new to this but have bought a lovely big bonsai in September (I'm not sure what the specie it is, but it flowers tiny white flowers).
First advice: before you buy a bonsai, try to find out what type of tree suits your environment. When you buy it, make sure what species you are buying. Seems you have had a tree for more than three months, without knowing what it is, and without knowing how to properly care for it.
I'm sure I was told it was evergreen, but within the first month or so in the flat, it lost most of the leaves (might be just adjusting to the environment)
Probably the environment, indeed, combined with improper care.
Since purchasing the plant, I have noticed the leaves were sticky.
Most likely caused by bugs, and as, you write:
I don't see any crawling bugs
it's likely it is a non-crawling bug. I'm guessing scale-insects.
plantcaretoday.com/causes-sticky-leaves-...-help-treatment.html
I gave it a good wash. I have also brought fungicide (for mildew/black spot), which I spray once a week.
none of the above will help against scale insects.
so I guess it must be fungus.
I think the fungus is the result, not the cause.
Maybe I just need to spray the fungicide more frequently?
Don't spray more than what the directions that came with the fungicide tell you.
(how do I re-introduce spiders)
Spiders won't fix this problem.
Lastly, if you happen to know what species my bonsai is, please let me know.
I think that's a Ligustrum.