Growing fast recovering fast.. Hm.. You do know that bonsai is about letting go of the concept of time, and speed and calming down to being in the now right?
in any case.. Without knowing your climate, it is very dificult to tell. In the tropics, ficus is one of the amazing fast growers, but in the temperate regions they are sulky for most people. Pine are very slow growers and slow to develop a trunk.
Elms, Maples, Ligustrum, Carpinus, Beech, Tilia all get thick trunks fairly quickly. If you are looking for a tree to get started on, I would probably look for field maple or trident maple (Depending on whether you are in a somewhat coller of warmer climate) and carpinus (hornbeam) those three are robust species.
All of them go outside, naturally.