My tree has roots above soil level, it's a soft plume, and it also has dried leaves, "normal leaves", and brown-tipped leaves. How can I fix this mess? I have no clue what0's going on, I'm desperately in search for help
By and large repotting now is a mistake and will kill the tree. (Assuming northern hemisphere)
You can slip pot, which means get a pot substantially larger, at least an inch/2-3 cm all around, but a layer of potting mix on the bottom, put the root ball in the middle of the pot, and fill in all around with potting mix.
You have to be careful watering because the root ball is probably very compact. You want the entire pot to be soaked. In a month or so new roots will have grown into the new soil.